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J. Michael McIntosh
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J. Michael McIntosh, MD

Languages spoken: English

Clinical Locations

University of Utah Hospital

Psychiatry
Salt Lake City
801-581-7951
  • J. Michael McIntosh, MD, graduated from the University of California at Los Angeles Medical School, completed residency training at the University of Colorado and is board-certified in general adult psychiatry. He is Professor with tenure in the Department of Psychiatry and Research Professor in the Department of Biology. Dr. McIntosh is also the Medical Director of the SLVAMC Behavioral Health Clinic where he sees medically complex patients with co-morbid psychiatric conditions. He is ranked by US News and World Reports among the top 1% of doctors in the United States.

    Board Certification

    American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology (Psychiatry)
  • J. Michael McIntosh, MD, graduated from the University of California at Los Angeles Medical School, completed residency training at the University of Colorado and is board-certified in general adult psychiatry. He is Professor with tenure in the Department of Psychiatry and Research Professor in the Department of Biology. Dr. McIntosh is also the Medical Director of the SLVAMC Behavioral Health Clinic where he sees medically complex patients with co-morbid psychiatric conditions. He is ranked by US News and World Reports among the top 1% of doctors in the United States.

    Board Certification and Academic Information

    Academic Departments Psychiatry -Primary
    Academic Divisions Adult Psychiatry
    Board Certification
    American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology (Psychiatry)

    Education history

    Residency Psychiatry - University of Utah School of Medicine Resident
    Residency Psychiatry - University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center Resident
    Internship Psychiatry - University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center Intern
    Professional Medical Medicine - University of California - Los Angeles M.D.
    Undergraduate Biology - University of Utah B.S.

    Selected Publications

    Journal Article

    1. Hone AJ, Santiago U, Harvey PJ, Tekarli B, Gajewiak J, Craik DJ, Camacho CJ, McIntosh JM (2024). Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Peptide Derivatives of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike-Protein that Potently Inhibit Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. J Med Chem, 67(11), 9587-9598. ()
    2. Luo A, He J, Yu J, Wu Y, Harvey PJ, Kasheverov IE, Kudryavtsev DS, McIntosh JM, Tsetlin VI, Craik DJ, Zhangsun D, Luo S (2024). Aspartic acid mutagenesis of αO-Conotoxin GeXIVA isomers reveals arginine residues crucial for inhibition of the α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Int J Biol Macromol, 271(Pt 1), 132472. ()
    3. Williams BM, Steed ND, Woolley JT, Moedl AA, Nelson CA, Jones GC, Burris MD, Arias HR, Kim OH, Jang EY, Hone AJ, McIntosh JM, Yorgason JT, Steffensen SC (2024). Catharanthine Modulates Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Nicotine Psychomotor Effects via Inhibition of α6-Nicotinic Receptors and Dopamine Transporters. ACS Chem Neurosci, 15(9), 1738-1754. ()
    4. Neves JLB, Urcino C, Chase K, Dowell C, Hone AJ, Morgenstern D, Chua VM, Ramiro IBL, Imperial JS, Leavitt LS, Phan J, Fisher FA, Watkins M, Raghuraman S, Tun JO, Ueberheide BM, McIntosh JM, Vasconcelos V, Olivera BM, Gajewiak J (2024). Using Constellation Pharmacology to Characterize a Novel α-Conotoxin from Conus ateralbus. Mar Drugs, 22(3). ()
    5. Wang H, Li X, Qiao Y, Wang M, Wang W, McIntosh JM, Zhangsun D, Luo S (2024). αO-Conotoxin GeXIVA[1,2] Reduced Neuropathic Pain and Changed Gene Expression in Chronic Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy Mice Model. Mar Drugs, 22(1). ()
    6. George AA, John SJ, Lucero LM, Eaton JB, Jaiswal E, Christensen SB, Gajewiak J, Watkins M, Cao Y, Olivera BM, Im W, McIntosh JM, Whiteaker P (2023). Analogs of α-conotoxin PnIC selectively inhibit α7β2- over α7-only subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors via a novel allosteric mechanism. FASEB J, 38(1), e23374. ()
    7. Jimnez-Pompa A, Arribas RL, McIntosh JM, Albillos A (2023). Differential tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation pathways regulate the expression of α7 versus α3β4 nicotinic receptor subtypes in mouse hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 684, 149115. ()
    8. Wu X, Hone AJ, Huang YH, Clark RJ, McIntosh JM, Kaas Q, Craik DJ (2023). Computational design of α-conotoxins to target specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Chemistry, e202302909. ()
    9. Tae HS, Ortells MO, Tekarli BJ, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, McIntosh JM, Adams DJ, Arias HR (2023). DM506 (3-Methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole fumarate), a Novel Derivative of Ibogamine, Inhibits α7 and α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Different Allosteric Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci, 14(14), 2537-2547. ()
    10. Wadsworth HA, Anderson EQ, Williams BM, Ronstrm JW, Moen JK, Lee AM, McIntosh JM, Wu J, Yorgason JT, Steffensen SC (2023). Role of α6-Nicotinic Receptors in Alcohol-Induced GABAergic Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity to Cholinergic Interneurons in the Nucleus Accumbens. Mol Neurobiol, 60(6), 3113-3129. ()
    11. Huynh PN, Christensen SB, McIntosh JM (2022). RgIA4 Prevention of Acute Oxaliplatin-Induced Cold Allodynia Requires α9-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and CD3(+) T-Cells. Cells, 11(22). ()
    12. Hone AJ, McIntosh JM (2022). Alkaloid ligands enable function of homomeric human α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Front Pharmacol, 13, 981760. ()
    13. Richter K, Papke RL, Stokes C, Roy DC, Espinosa ES, Wolf PMK, Hecker A, Liese J, Singh VK, Padberg W, Schlter KD, Rohde M, McIntosh JM, Morley BJ, Horenstein NA, Grau V, Simard AR (2022). Comparison of the Anti-inflammatory Properties of Two Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands, Phosphocholine and pCF3-diEPP. Front Cell Neurosci, 16, 779081. ()
    14. Jimnez-Pompa A, Sanz-Lzaro S, Omodolor RE, Medina-Polo J, Gonzlez-Enguita C, Blzquez J, McIntosh JM, Albillos A (2021). Cross Talk between α7 and α3β4 Nicotinic Receptors Prevents Their Desensitization in Human Chromaffin Cells. J Neurosci, 42(7), 1173-1183. ()
    15. Edinger F, Schmitt C, Koch C, McIntosh JM, Janciauskiene S, Markmann M, Sander M, Padberg W, Grau V (2021). Application of alpha1-antitrypsin in a rat model of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Sci Rep, 11(1), 15849. ()
    16. Fisher F, Zhang Y, Vincent PFY, Gajewiak J, Gordon TJ, Glowatzki E, Fuchs PA, McIntosh JM (2021). Cy3-RgIA-5727 Labels and Inhibits α9-Containing nAChRs of Cochlear Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci, 15, 697560. ()
    17. Paguigan ND, Tun JO, Leavitt LS, Lin Z, Chase K, Dowell C, Deering-Rice CE, Lim AL, Karthikeyan M, Hughen RW, Zhang J, Peterson RT, Reilly CA, Light AR, Raghuraman S, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Schmidt EW (2021). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Antagonist Polyamides from Tunicates and Their Predatory Sea Slugs. ACS Chem Neurosci, 12(14), 2693-2704. ()
    18. Gajewiak J, Christensen SB, Dowell C, Hararah F, Fisher F, Huynh PN, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (2021). Selective Penicillamine Substitution Enables Development of a Potent Analgesic Peptide that Acts through a Non-Opioid-Based Mechanism. J Med Chem, 64(13), 9271-9278. ()
    19. Zheng N, Christensen SB, Dowell C, Purushottam L, Skalicky JJ, McIntosh JM, Chou DH (2021). Discovery of Methylene Thioacetal-Incorporated α-RgIA Analogues as Potent and Stable Antagonists of the Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem, 64(13), 9513-9524. ()
    20. Sethuramanujam S, Matsumoto A, deRosenroll G, Murphy-Baum B, Grosman C, McIntosh JM, Jing M, Li Y, Berson D, Yonehara K, Awatramani GB (2021). Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system. Nat Commun, 12(1), 1374. ()
    21. Richter K, Ogiemwonyi-Schaefer R, Wilker S, Chaveiro AI, Agn A, Hecker M, Reichert M, Amati AL, Schlter KD, Manzini I, Schmalzing G, McIntosh JM, Padberg W, Grau V, Hecker A (2020). Amyloid Beta Peptide (Aβ1-42) Reverses the Cholinergic Control of Monocytic IL-1β Release. J Clin Med, 9(9). ()
    22. Zheng N, Christensen SB, Blakely A, Dowell C, Purushottam L, McIntosh JM, Chou DH (2020). Development of Conformationally Constrained α-RgIA Analogues as Stable Peptide Antagonists of Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. J Med Chem, 63(15), 8380-8387. ()
    23. Yu Z, McIntosh JM, Sadeghi SG, Glowatzki E (2020). Efferent synaptic transmission at the vestibular type II hair cell synapse. J Neurophysiol, 124(2), 360-374. ()
    24. Bjrn-Yoshimoto WE, Ramiro IBL, Yandell M, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Ellgaard L, Safavi-Hemami H (2020). Curses or Cures: A Review of the Numerous Benefits Versus the Biosecurity Concerns of Conotoxin Research. Biomedicines, 8(8). ()
    25. Hone AJ, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Gordon TJ, Gajewiak J, Christensen S, Dyhring T, Albillos A, McIntosh JM (2020). Expression of α3β2β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by rat adrenal chromaffin cells determined using novel conopeptide antagonists. J Neurochem, 154(2), 158-176. ()
    26. Rybin MJ, OBrien H, Ramiro IBL, Azam L, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Safavi-Hemami H, Yoshikami D (2020). αM-Conotoxin MIIIJ Blocks Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors at Neuromuscular Junctions of Frog and Fish. Toxins (Basel), 12(3). ()
    27. Donvito G, Muldoon PP, Jackson KJ, Ahmad U, Zaveri NT, McIntosh JM, Chen X, Lichtman AH, Damaj MI (2018). Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate ∆9 -THC dependence: Mouse and human studies. Addict Biol, 25(1), e12691. ()
    28. Toma W, Ulker E, Alqasem M, AlSharari SD, McIntosh JM, Damaj MI (2020). Behavioral and Molecular Basis of Cholinergic Modulation of Pain: Focus on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci, 45, 153-166. ()
    29. Huynh PN, Giuvelis D, Christensen S, Tucker KL, McIntosh JM (2019). RgIA4 Accelerates Recovery from Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Mar Drugs, 18(1). ()
    30. van Hout M, Valdes A, Christensen SB, Tran PT, Watkins M, Gajewiak J, Jensen AA, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (2019). α-Conotoxin VnIB from Conus ventricosus is a potent and selective antagonist of α6β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology, 157, 107691. ()
    31. Peng C, Yan Y, Kim VJ, Engle SE, Berry JN, McIntosh JM, Neve RL, Drenan RM (2018). Gene editing vectors for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic transmission. Eur J Neurosci, 50(3), 2224-2238. ()
    32. Hone AJ, Fisher F, Christensen S, Gajewiak J, Larkin D, Whiteaker P, McIntosh JM (2019). PeIA-5466: A Novel Peptide Antagonist Containing Non-natural Amino Acids That Selectively Targets α3β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. J Med Chem, 62(13), 6262-6275. ()
    33. Zakrzewicz A, Richter K, Zakrzewicz D, Siebers K, Damm J, Agn A, Hecker A, McIntosh JM, Chamulitrat W, Krasteva-Christ G, Manzini I, Tikkanen R, Padberg W, Janciauskiene S, Grau V (2019). SLPI Inhibits ATP-Mediated Maturation of IL-1β in Human Monocytic Leukocytes: A Novel Function of an Old Player. Front Immunol, 10, 664. ()
    34. Grau V, Richter K, Hone AJ, McIntosh JM (2019). Conopeptides [V11L;V16D]ArIB and RgIA4: Powerful Tools for the Identification of Novel Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Monocytes. Front Pharmacol, 9, 1499. ()
    35. Arribas-Blzquez M, Olivos-Or LA, Barahona MV, Snchez de la Muela M, Solar V, Jimnez E, Gualix J, McIntosh JM, Ferrer-Montiel A, Miras-Portugal MT, Artalejo AR (2019). Overexpression of P2X3 and P2X7 Receptors and TRPV1 Channels in Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci, 20(1). ()
    36. Bavo F, Pucci S, Fasoli F, Lammi C, Moretti M, Mucchietto V, Lattuada D, Viani P, De Palma C, Budriesi R, Corradini I, Dowell C, McIntosh JM, Clementi F, Bolchi C, Gotti C, Pallavicini M (2018). Potent Antiglioblastoma Agents by Hybridizing the Onium-Alkyloxy-Stilbene Based Structures of an α7-nAChR, α9-nAChR Antagonist and of a Pro-Oxidant Mitocan. J Med Chem, 61(23), 10531-10544. ()
    37. Hone AJ, Talley TT, Bobango J, Huidobro Melo C, Hararah F, Gajewiak J, Christensen S, Harvey PJ, Craik DJ, McIntosh JM (2018). Molecular determinants of α-conotoxin potency for inhibition of human and rat α6β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem, 293(46), 17838-17852. ()
    38. Chen DJ, Gao FF, Ma XK, Shi GG, Huang YB, Su QX, Sudweeks S, Gao M, Dharshaun T, Eaton JB, Chang YC, Mcintosh JM, Lukas RJ, Whiteaker P, Steffensen SC, Wu J (2018). Pharmacological and functional comparisons of α6/α3β2β3-nAChRs and α4β2-nAChRs heterologously expressed in the human epithelial SH-EP1 cell line. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 39(10), 1571-1581. ()
    39. Richter K, Koch C, Perniss A, Wolf PM, Schweda EKH, Wichmann S, Wilker S, Magel I, Sander M, McIntosh JM, Padberg W, Grau V (2018). Phosphocholine-Modified Lipooligosaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae Inhibit ATP-Induced IL-1β Release by Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. Molecules, 23(8). ()
    40. Richter K, Sagawe S, Hecker A, Kllmar M, Askevold I, Damm J, Heldmann S, Phlmann M, Ruhrmann S, Sander M, Schlter KD, Wilker S, Knig IR, Kummer W, Padberg W, Hone AJ, McIntosh JM, Zakrzewicz AT, Koch C, Grau V (2018). C-Reactive Protein Stimulates Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors to Control ATP-Mediated Monocytic Inflammasome Activation. Front Immunol, 9, 1604. ()
    41. Mucchietto V, Fasoli F, Pucci S, Moretti M, Benfante R, Maroli A, Di Lascio S, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Dowell C, McIntosh M, Clementi F, Gotti C (2017). α9- and α7-containing receptors mediate the pro-proliferative effects of nicotine in the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol, 175(11), 1957-1972. ()
    42. Yan Y, Peng C, Arvin MC, Jin XT, Kim VJ, Ramsey MD, Wang Y, Banala S, Wokosin DL, McIntosh JM, Lavis LD, Drenan RM (2017). Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in VTA Glutamate Neurons Modulate Excitatory Transmission. Cell Rep, 23(8), 2236-2244. ()
    43. Siebers K, Fink B, Zakrzewicz A, Agn A, Richter K, Konzok S, Hecker A, Zukunft S, Kllmar M, Klein J, McIntosh JM, Timm T, Sewald K, Padberg W, Aggarwal N, Chamulitrat W, Santoso S, Xia W, Janciauskiene S, Grau V (2018). Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Inhibits ATP-Mediated Release of Interleukin-1β via CD36 and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Front Immunol, 9, 877. ()
    44. Romero HK, Christensen SB, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Gajewiak J, Ramachandra R, Elmslie KS, Vetter DE, Ghelardini C, Iadonato SP, Mercado JL, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (2017). Inhibition of α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors prevents chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(10), E1825-E1832. ()
    45. Pang X, Liu L, Ngolab J, Zhao-Shea R, McIntosh JM, Gardner PD, Tapper AR (2016). Habenula cholinergic neurons regulate anxiety during nicotine withdrawal via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology, 107, 294-304. ()
    46. Baladi MG, Nielsen SM, McIntosh JM, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE (2016). Prior nicotine self-administration attenuates subsequent dopaminergic deficits of methamphetamine in rats: role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Behav Pharmacol, 27(5), 422-30. ()
    47. Zhang D, McGregor M, Bordia T, Perez XA, McIntosh JM, Decker MW, Quik M (2015). α7 nicotinic receptor agonists reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias with severe nigrostriatal damage. Mov Disord, 30(14), 1901-1911. ()
    48. Grady SR, Meinerz NM, Cao J, Reynolds AM, Picciotto MR, Changeux JP, McIntosh JM, Marks MJ, Collins AC (2001). Nicotinic agonists stimulate acetylcholine release from mouse interpeduncular nucleus: a function mediated by a different nAChR than dopamine release from striatum. J Neurochem, 76(1), 258-68. ()

    Review

    1. Pei S, Wang N, Mei Z, Zhangsun D, Craik DJ, McIntosh JM, Zhu X, Luo S (2024). Conotoxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels. [Review]. Pharmacol Rev, 76(5), 828-845. ()
    2. Hone AJ, McIntosh JM (2023). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Therapeutic targets for novel ligands to treat pain and inflammation. [Review]. Pharmacol Res, 190, 106715. ()
    3. Margiotta F, Micheli L, Ciampi C, Ghelardini C, McIntosh JM, Di Cesare Mannelli L (2022). Conus regius-Derived Conotoxins: Novel Therapeutic Opportunities from a Marine Organism. [Review]. Mar Drugs, 20(12). ()

    Other

    1. Sethuramanujam S, Matsumoto A, deRosenroll G, Murphy-Baum B, Grosman C, McIntosh JM, Jing M, Li Y, Berson D, Yonehara K, Awatramani GB (2021). Author Correction: Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system. Nat Commun (12(1), p. 2441). England. ()

    Patent

    1. (2018). Method of Treating Neuropathic Pain.
    2. Gloria P. Corpuz, Robert M. Jones, James E. Garrett, Lourdes J. Cruz, Joseph Michael McIntosh, David R. Hillyard, Maren Watkins, Baldomero M. Olivera (2015). Alpha-Conotoxin Peptides.
    3. Gloria P. Corpuz, Robert M. Jones, James E. Garrett, Lourdes J. Cruz, Joseph Michael McIntosh, David R. Hillyard, Maren Watkins, Baldomero M. Olivera (2014). Contoxin Peptides, Pharmaceutical Compositions and Uses Thereof.
    4. Gloria P. Corpuz, Robert M. Jones, James E. Garrett, Lourdes J. Cruz, Joseph Michael McIntosh, David R. Hillyard, Maren Watkins, Baldomero M. Olivera (2014). Alpha-Conotoxin Peptides.
    5. Joseph Michael McIntosh (2014). Contoxin Peptides, Pharmaceutical Compositions and Uses Therof.
    6. Maren Watkins, Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard, J. Michael McIntosh, Robert M. Jones (2013). Alpha-conotoxin Peptides. U.S. Patent No. 8487075. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    7. J. Michael MCINTOSH, Baldomero M. OLIVERA, Michael ELLISON, Michelle A. VINCLER (2012). CONOTOXIN PEPTIDES. U.S. Patent No. 20120220539. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    8. J. Michael McIntosh (2012). ALPHA-CONOTOXIN MII ANALOGS. U.S. Patent No. 20120122803. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    9. McIntosh JM (2012). Alpha-conotoxin Peptides. U.S. Patent No. US 8110549 B2. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    10. McIntosh, JM (2012). Alpha-conotoxin Analogs. U.S. Patent No. US 8101,573 B2. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    11. McIntosh, JM (2011). Alpha-conotoxin Peptides. U.S. Patent No. US 7902153 B. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    12. McIntosh JM (2008). ¿-Conotoxin MII analogues. U.S. Patent No. U.S. Patent 7,387,997. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    13. McIntosh JM (2008). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. U.S. Patent 7,368,432. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    14. Watkins M, Olivera BM, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Jones RM (2007). Alpha-conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. United States Patent 7279549. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    15. Joseph Michael McIntosh, Baldomero M. Olivera, Michael Ellison, Michelle Vincler (2007). Methods for Treating Pain and Screening Analgesic Compounds.
    16. Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, Yoshikami D, Cartier GE, Luo S (2005). Uses of .alpha.-conotoxin peptide. U.S. Patent No. 6,958,323. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    17. Olivera BM, Layer RT, McIntosh JM, Nielsen JS, Jones RM (2005). .alpha.-conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,855,805. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    18. Watkins M, Olivera BM, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Jones RM (2004). .alpha.-conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,797,808. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    19. Walker CS, Shetty R, Jimenez EC, McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Watkins M, Jones RM, Shen GS (2004). I-superfamily conotoxins. U.S. Patent No. 6,767,895. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    20. McIntosh JM, Olivera BM, Cruz LJ, Corpuz GP, Jones RM, Garrett JE (2004). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,767,896. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    21. McIntosh JM, et al (2004). Alpha-Conotoxin Peptides (Australia). U.S. Patent No. 770,076. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    22. Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, Garrett JE, Cruz LJ, Jones RM, Cartier GE, Wagstaff JD (2004). Mu-conopeptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,727,226. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    23. Olivera BM, Cartier GE, Watkins M, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Layer RT, Jones RM (2004). O-superfamily conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,762,165. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    24. McIntosh JM (2004). O-superfamily conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. U.S. Patent 6,762,165. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    25. McCabe RT, Zhou L-M, Layer RT, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (2002). Use of conantokins. U.S. Patent No. 6,399,574. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    26. Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, McCabe RT, Layer RT, Zhou L-M (2001). Use of conantokins for treating pain. U.S. Patent No. 6,277,825. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    27. Olivera BM, Layer RT, Watkins M, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Schoenfeld R, Jones RM (2001). .alpha.-conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,268,473. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    28. Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, Yoshikami D, Cartier GE, Luo S (2001). Uses of .alpha.-conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 6,265,541. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    29. McCabe RT, Zhou L-M, Layer RT, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (2001). Use of conantokins. U.S. Patent No. 6,172,041. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    30. Shon K-J, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM (1999). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,990,295. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    31. McIntosh JM, Kulak JM, Yoshikami D, Olivera BM (1999). Use of .alpha.-conotoxin MII to treat disorders resulting from nicotine-stimulated dopamine release. U.S. Patent No. 5,929,034. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    32. McIntosh JM, Kulak JM, Yoshikami D, Olivera BM (1999). Use of .alpha.-conotoxin MII to treat disorders resulting from nicotine-stimulated dopamine release. U.S. Patent No. 5,922,679. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    33. Cruz LJ, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, Jimenez E, Craig AG, Rivier JA, Julius D, England L (1999). Bromo-tryptophan conopeptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,889,147. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    34. McIntosh JM, Cartier GE, Yoshikami D, Luo S, Olivera BM (1999). Conopeptides AuIA, AuIB and AuIC. U.S. Patent No. 5,866,682. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    35. McIntosh JM, Kulak JM, Yoshikami D, Olivera BM (1998). Use of .alpha.-conotoxin MII to treat disorders resulting from nicotine stimulated dopamine release. U.S. Patent No. 5,780,433. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    36. Shon K-J, Olivera BM, McIntosh JM, Hasson A, Spira ME (1998). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,719,264. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    37. Olivera BM, Cruz LJ, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Santos AO (1997). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,633,347. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    38. Olivera BM, Cruz LJ, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Santos AD (1997). Conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,595,972. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    39. Olivera BM, Cruz LJ, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Santos AD (1996). Process and primers for identifying nucleic acids encoding A-lineage conotoxin peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,589,340. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    40. Olivera BM, Cruz LJ, Hillyard DR, McIntosh JM, Santos AD (1996). Conotoxin Peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,514,774. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.